Wasps, Bees, and Hornets: What’s the Difference? Learn How to Identify Stinging Insects

By: Robin Sweetser
almanac.com/wasps-bees-and-hornets-whats-difference
All “bees” are not created equal. Bees, wasps, and hornets may look alike and
belong to the same order of insects called Hymenoptera, but they are different
insects. How can you tell the difference between a bee, a wasp, and a hornet?
Let’s take a look!
Bees and wasps took separate evolutionary paths over 100,000,000 years ago.
Bees are vegetarians, collecting pollen to feed their young, while wasps and
hornets are carnivores, feeding on other insects. The main thing that they do
have in common is that only females can sting.
What’s the Difference Between Wasps, Bees, & Hornets?
Hornets
All hornets are wasps, but not all wasps are hornets. In the U.S., we have no
native hornets. Our main hornet is the European hornet which was introduced
into New York in 1840. It looks like a large yellowjacket—about ¾ to 1½ inches
long—and nests in the ground or in hollow trees.
Another “hornet” we commonly encounter is the bald-faced hornet, a type of
paper wasp closely related to the yellowjacket. They are black with white markings
on their face and abdomen. You have probably seen their huge, gray, basketball-
sized nests swinging high in a tree.
A new hornet that was recently introduced to the west coast is getting a lot of
press these days. The Asian giant hornet is also called the “murder hornet” for the
way they attack honey bee colonies, killing the bees by ripping off their heads,
eating the honey, and stealing the larva to feed to their own young. They are the
giants of the wasp world, measuring 2 inches long. In Japan, they are called sparrow
wasps since they resemble small birds in flight. Their sting is very painful to
humans and about 50 unlucky people a year are killed by the deadly neurotoxin
contained in their venom.
Wasps
Although there are many solitary wasps such as digger wasps and mud daubers,
most wasps are considered social, meaning that they live in colonies with a queen,
female worker bees, and drones, like honeybees. Solitary wasps nest in the ground
or in natural cavities, while social wasps attach papery nests made from chewed
fibers to tree limbs or the eaves of your house.
Honeycomb structure of a large, above-ground paper wasp nest. Although they
look like yellowjackets, they are not! Yellowjackets are much smaller.
The yellowjacket is a social wasp that will nest above or below ground. In the
fall, all the social wasps die off—except for the fertilized queens. They overwinter
in protected spots such as hollow logs, under loose tree bark, or in a soil cavity,
and emerge in the spring to start a new colony. Solitary wasps depend on their
larvae to mature in spring and start a new generation.
Are Hornets and Wasps “Bad Bugs”?
No! Wasps are very important, playing a vital ecological role controlling pests.
Social wasps are predators, collecting insects such as caterpillars, grubs, grasshoppers,
aphids, and flies, which are stung, paralyzed, and put into the egg chambers
for newly hatched larvae to eat. Wasps also prey upon spiders; the blue mud dauber’s
preferred meal is the black widow!
Since wasps prey on some bad bugs, they should be considered beneficial to
gardeners. Adults feed on nectar, doing some accidental pollinating at the same
time, so they are minor pollinators.
On the other hand, they are drawn to meat and sweets, scavenging whatever
they find, so they can be a nuisance for outdoor dining and will congregate around
trash cans. If you encounter them, don’t swat at them or act in an aggressive manner
or you risk being stung. They will also sting to protect their hive. If you should
accidentally mow over a ground nest—run! Unlike honey bees, who can only
sting once, wasps are capable of stinging multiple times.
Bees
Bees eat pollen and nectar, feeding it to their young. This makes them important
pollinators. Bees look furry because they are covered with branched, feather-like
hairs that pollen clings onto. Bees are not aggressive and only sting in self-defense.
In fact, the males bees have no stinger. With the exception of honey bees
and bumblebees, most bees are solitary and live in underground nests. Each female
takes care of her own eggs and gathers pollen to feed the larvae when they
hatch. There are about 4,000 species of bees native to the U.S. and Canada. (For
more about them, see our Native Bees article)
Identifying at a Glance
Bees have a wide, hairy body, stout legs, and lose their stinger when they sting.
Wasps and hornets have skinny bodies with narrow waists. Their bodies are
mostly hairless and can sting multiple times.
Of course, there are many kinds of bees. Most of us grew up learning about the
sophisticated social structures of honey bees and bumblebees, and we’ve come to
think that their lifestyle represents all bee behavior. The truth is that the world is
home to more than 20,000 species of bees, and a whopping 90% of them do not
live together in hives.
Our native solitary bees—such as mason bees and leafcutter bees—which are
most vital to our flowers and food. Learn more about these amazing heroes of
pollination—and see how to bring these docile native bees to your garden.
Life Cycle
Whether bee, wasp, or hornet, the basic life cycle is the same—egg, larva,
pre-pupa, pupa, adult. Fertilized eggs produce female bees, while unfertilized
ones produce males. Eggs are placed in individual nest cells and provisioned with
a food source for the newly hatched larvae to eat—a loaf made of pollen and nectar
for bees or a paralyzed insect for wasps.
Some eggs hatch in a few days, while others wait until the next season to emerge.
The larvae eat, grow, and molt their skin up to 5 times. The pre-pupal stage can last
a long time. An egg laid in the spring can take all summer to reach the pre-pupal
stage, and then it can stay that way all fall and winter. Some bees remain pre-pupal
for several years! The pupa looks like an adult, but is pale in color with no wings
or hair. In a short time, it chews its way out of the nest as an adult.
Wasps, Bees, and Hornets are Beneficial
Most bees, wasps, and hornets are beneficial. Both wasps and hornets are real
workhorses for pest management in the garden and farm, feeding on the “bad” insects
that destroy crops. In fact, if you were able to see many of their nests, they’re
stocked with paralyzed adult grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, and sawflies.
Also, if you look carefully in the garden, wasps are very helpful pollinators, too!
They are usually solitary and non-aggressive, busily hovering and moving from
flower to flower.
None of these beneficial insects should be killed unless their nest is close to
humans and is creating a hazard. For example, we had bald-faced hornets make a
nest next to our front door, and every time the door opened or closed, they were
ready to fight! Needless to say, that nest had to go. We waited until after dark when
the bees had all returned to the nest and sprayed an aerosol wasp killer into the
entrance hole. After a few days of seeing no activity, we were able to remove the
nest.
For ground-nesting wasps and hornets, locate the entrance hole, spray into the
opening, and plug the hole with a large rock. Don’t try to burn or drown a nest
with water. That just makes them mad! When attempting any eradication of nests,
be sure to dress appropriately, covering your eyes and all bare skin (just in case).
Also, be sure to have an escape route planned!
Otherwise, pause before you kill these insects; remember that they are a beneficial
part of our ecosystem and especially critical for pest control in our gardens,
public lands, and croplands.